Abbreviations Glossary · Plant Biochemistry | HORT 202

🎓 edX E‑eshe · Ethiopia

HORT 202 · Plant Biochemistry

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

0 Module I · Molecular

0 Module II · Metabolism

0 Module III · Quality

0 Module IV · Stress

0 Module V · Techniques

0 Module VI · Case Studies

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🧬 Module I · Molecular Foundations

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

Energy currency of the cell; used in many biochemical reactions

Module I 1.1, 1.2

ADP

Adenosine Diphosphate

Product of ATP hydrolysis; can be recycled back to ATP

Module I 1.1

AMP

Adenosine Monophosphate

Nucleotide involved in energy metabolism and signaling

Module I 1.1

CoA

Coenzyme A

Carrier of acyl groups in metabolic reactions

Module I 1.2

NAD⁺

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

Electron carrier in redox reactions; accepts electrons to form NADH

Module I 1.2

NADH

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (reduced)

Reduced form of NAD⁺; donates electrons to electron transport chain

Module I 1.2

FAD

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

Electron carrier; accepts electrons to form FADH₂

Module I 1.2

FADH₂

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (reduced)

Reduced form of FAD; donates electrons to electron transport chain

Module I 1.2

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Genetic material that stores hereditary information

Module I 1.1

RNA

Ribonucleic Acid

Involved in protein synthesis and gene regulation

Module I 1.1

mRNA

Messenger RNA

Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosome

Module I 1.1

tRNA

Transfer RNA

Brings amino acids to ribosome during protein synthesis

Module I 1.3

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA

Structural and catalytic component of ribosomes

Module I 1.3

PAL

Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase

Key enzyme in phenylpropanoid pathway

Module I 1.2

PPO

Polyphenol Oxidase

Enzyme responsible for browning in fruits and vegetables

Module I 1.3

PG

Polygalacturonase

Enzyme that breaks down pectin during fruit ripening

Module I 1.3

SDS

Safety Data Sheet

Document listing hazards and safety information for chemicals

Module I 1.1

PPE

Personal Protective Equipment

Safety gear including lab coat, goggles, gloves

Module I 1.1

⚡ Module II · Metabolism & Energy

RuBP

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate

CO₂ acceptor in Calvin cycle; 5-carbon molecule

Module II 2.1

3-PGA

3-Phosphoglycerate

First stable product of Calvin cycle (3-carbon)

Module II 2.1

G3P

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Three-carbon sugar produced in Calvin cycle

Module II 2.1

PSI

Photosystem I

Photosystem with reaction center P700; produces NADPH

Module II 2.1

PSII

Photosystem II

Photosystem with reaction center P680; splits water and produces O₂

Module II 2.1

P680

Pigment 680

Reaction center chlorophyll of PSII; absorbs 680 nm light

Module II 2.1

P700

Pigment 700

Reaction center chlorophyll of PSI; absorbs 700 nm light

Module II 2.1

PQ

Plastoquinone

Mobile electron carrier in photosynthetic electron transport chain

Module II 2.1

PC

Plastocyanin

Copper-containing protein that transfers electrons in photosynthesis

Module II 2.1

Cyt b₆f

Cytochrome b₆f complex

Protein complex that transfers electrons and pumps protons

Module II 2.1

Rubisco

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

Most abundant protein; fixes CO₂ in Calvin cycle

Module II 2.1

PEP

Phosphoenolpyruvate

Three-carbon molecule; CO₂ acceptor in C4 plants

Module II 2.1

PEPCase

PEP Carboxylase

Enzyme that fixes CO₂ in C4 plants

Module II 2.1

C3

C3 plants

Plants that fix CO₂ directly via Calvin cycle (first product 3-PGA)

Module II 2.1

C4

C4 plants

Plants that concentrate CO₂ using Kranz anatomy (first product oxaloacetate)

Module II 2.1

CAM

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

Plants that fix CO₂ at night to conserve water

Module II 2.1

ETC

Electron Transport Chain

Series of protein complexes that transfer electrons and pump protons

Module II 2.2

ATP synthase

ATP synthase

Enzyme that produces ATP using proton gradient

Module II 2.2

TCA

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Another name for Krebs cycle

Module II 2.2

Q₁₀

Temperature coefficient

Factor by which reaction rate increases for 10°C temperature rise

Module II 2.2

NR

Nitrate Reductase

Enzyme that reduces nitrate to nitrite

Module II 2.4

NiR

Nitrite Reductase

Enzyme that reduces nitrite to ammonium

Module II 2.4

GS

Glutamine Synthetase

Enzyme that incorporates ammonium into glutamine

Module II 2.4

GOGAT

Glutamate Synthase

Enzyme that transfers amino group to form glutamate

Module II 2.4

SOS

Salt Overly Sensitive

Pathway for salt tolerance (SOS1, SOS2, SOS3)

Module II 2.4

ACC

1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

Precursor to ethylene

Module II 2.2, 2.4

ACS

ACC Synthase

Enzyme that produces ACC from SAM

Module II 2.2

ACO

ACC Oxidase

Enzyme that converts ACC to ethylene

Module II 2.2

SAM

S-adenosylmethionine

Methyl donor; precursor to ACC and ethylene

Module II 2.2

📈 Module III · Productivity & Quality

HI

Harvest Index

Ratio of economic yield to total biomass

Module III 3.1

LAI

Leaf Area Index

Total leaf area per ground area

Module III 3.1

RUE

Radiation Use Efficiency

Biomass produced per unit of intercepted light

Module III 3.1

°Bx

Brix

Measure of soluble solids (primarily sugars) in fruits

Module III 3.2

TA

Titratable Acidity

Measure of acid content in fruits

Module III 3.2

ORAC

Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity

Measure of antioxidant capacity

Module III 3.3

GAE

Gallic Acid Equivalents

Unit for measuring phenolic content

Module III 3.3

TE

Trolox Equivalents

Unit for antioxidant capacity measurement

Module III 3.3

🌵 Module IV · Stress & Environmental Biochemistry

ABA

Abscisic Acid

Stress hormone that promotes stomatal closure

Module IV 4.1, 4.3

JA

Jasmonic Acid

Hormone involved in defense against herbivores

Module IV 4.2, 4.3

MeJA

Methyl Jasmonate

Volatile form of jasmonic acid

Module IV 4.3

ET

Ethylene

Gaseous hormone involved in ripening and stress

Module IV 4.3

SA

Salicylic Acid

Hormone involved in pathogen defense

Module IV 4.2, 4.3

ROS

Reactive Oxygen Species

Partially reduced forms of oxygen (O₂⁻, H₂O₂, OH•)

Module IV 4.4

SOD

Superoxide Dismutase

Antioxidant enzyme that converts O₂⁻ to H₂O₂

Module IV 4.4

CAT

Catalase

Antioxidant enzyme that converts H₂O₂ to H₂O and O₂

Module IV 4.4

APX

Ascorbate Peroxidase

Antioxidant enzyme that uses ascorbate to reduce H₂O₂

Module IV 4.4

GR

Glutathione Reductase

Enzyme that regenerates reduced glutathione (GSH)

Module IV 4.4

GSH

Reduced Glutathione

Tripeptide antioxidant; redox buffer

Module IV 4.4

GSSG

Oxidized Glutathione

Oxidized form of glutathione (disulfide)

Module IV 4.4

HSP

Heat Shock Protein

Molecular chaperones that refold denatured proteins

Module IV 4.1, 4.5

LEA

Late Embryogenesis Abundant

Proteins that protect cells during dehydration

Module IV 4.1

CBF

C-repeat Binding Factor

Transcription factor in cold acclimation pathway

Module IV 4.1

DREB

Dehydration Responsive Element Binding

Transcription factor in drought response

Module IV 4.1

MDA

Malondialdehyde

Marker of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress

Module IV 4.4

RBOH

Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog

NADPH oxidase that produces superoxide

Module IV 4.4

🔬 Module V · Analytical & Biochemical Techniques

HPLC

High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Chromatography technique using high pressure

Module V 5.3

GC

Gas Chromatography

Chromatography for volatile compounds

Module V 5.3

MS

Mass Spectrometry

Technique for identifying compounds by mass

Module V 5.3

GC-MS

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Combined technique for separation and identification

Module V 5.3

TLC

Thin Layer Chromatography

Chromatography on silica gel plates

Module V 5.3

Rf

Retention Factor

Distance moved by compound / distance moved by solvent front

Module V 5.3

UV-Vis

Ultraviolet-Visible

Type of spectrophotometry

Module V 5.2

A

Absorbance

Measure of light absorbed by a sample

Module V 5.2

ε

Molar Extinction Coefficient

Constant in Beer-Lambert law

Module V 5.2

BSA

Bovine Serum Albumin

Common protein standard in assays

Module V 5.2

U

International Unit

1 μmol product formed per minute

Module V 5.4

K_m

Michaelis Constant

Substrate concentration at half Vmax

Module V 5.4

V_max

Maximum Velocity

Maximum rate of enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Module V 5.4

SD

Standard Deviation

Measure of data spread around mean

Module V 5.5

SEM

Standard Error of the Mean

SD / √n; precision of mean estimate

Module V 5.5

ANOVA

Analysis of Variance

Statistical test for comparing multiple groups

Module V 5.5

p-value

Probability value

Probability of obtaining results by chance

Module V 5.5

R²

R-squared

Coefficient of determination; goodness of fit

Module V 5.5

🇪🇹 Module VI · Ethiopian Case Studies

CGA

Chlorogenic Acid

Major phenolic compound in coffee; antioxidant

Module VI 6.1

STS

Silver Thiosulfate

Ethylene inhibitor used in cut flowers

Module VI 6.5

1-MCP

1-Methylcyclopropene

Ethylene inhibitor (SmartFresh™)

Module VI 6.5

MAP

Modified Atmosphere Packaging

Packaging that alters gas composition to extend shelf life

Module VI 6.3

CA

Controlled Atmosphere

Storage with controlled O₂ and CO₂ levels

Module VI 6.3

RH

Relative Humidity

Amount of water vapor in air relative to maximum

Module VI 6.3, 6.5

PWL

Physiological Weight Loss

Water loss from fresh produce during storage

Module VI 6.3

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